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In this paper, resource allocation and interference mitigation are investigated for heterogeneous networks where the lowest tier consists of device-to-device (D2D) cells. In order to alleviate dead-zone problem, we first consider downlink/uplink (DL/UL) decoupling user association and quantify its capability on interference management and network-wide D2D performance enhancement. Second, we propose an UL fractional frequency reuse scheme where subband (SB) bandwidths are adaptively determined based on: 1) user equipment (UE) density; 2) e-node-B (eNB) density; and 3) on/off switching frequency of small cells. Obtained results show that the adaptive method significantly reduces the number of outage users. Thereafter, a novel concatenated bi-partite matching (CBM) method is proposed for joint SB assignment (SA) and resource block allocation (RA) of cellular UEs. Numerical results show that the …