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Co₃O₄ nanostructures with different reaction times are synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological as well as electrochemical characteristics are performed for Co₃O₄ nanostructures. The XRD study reveals that the prepared Co₃O₄ exhibits the cubic structure. The Co₃O₄ shows microflakes-like morphology. The electrochemical study shows that the Co₃O₄ nanostructures synthesized with a reaction time of 18 h show better specific supercapacitance of 309 F g⁻¹ at scan rate 5 mV s⁻¹ with 7.46 W h kg⁻¹ and 92.85 W kg⁻¹ of energy and power density, respectively. Also, it shows excellent cyclic stability over 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of about 95.6%. Furthermore, the electrochemical results demonstrate that the prepared Co₃O₄ nanostructures with a reaction time of 18 h show better sensitivity of 0.3395 mA mM⁻¹ cm⁻² toward glucose with a detection limit of ~ 0 …