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Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide and poses a fundamental, long-term threat to human health. Solutions tackling antibiotic resistance include the protection of our intestinal microbiota against antibiotics to prevent the acquisition, selection and overgrowth of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB, here refers to extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE), carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and Clostridium difficile). Hence, clinicians aim to use antibiotics that have the least impact on the intestinal microbiota, and data supporting the choice of an antibiotic over another one in this process are expected [1]. However, what ‘narrow’versus ‘broad’spectrum antibiotic really means with regards to the impact on the microbiota is far from clear. Here we have reviewed the basis of these uncertainties and tried to draw future …