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Optimization is a branch of applied mathematics and numerical analysis. Almost every problem in engineering, science, economics, and life can be formulated as an optimization or a search problem. While some of the problems can be simple that can be solved by traditional optimization methods based on mathematical analysis, most of the problems are very hard to be solved using analysis-based approaches. Fortunately, we can solve these hard optimization problems by inspirations from nature, since we know that nature is a system of vast complexity and it always generates a near-optimum solution.

Natural computing is concerned with computing inspired by nature, as well as with computations taking place in nature. Well-known examples of natural computing are evolutionary computation, neural computation, cellular automata, swarm intelligence, molecular computing, quantum computation, artificial immune …