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Ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs) with “5S” (high sensitivity, high signal‐to‐noise ratio, excellent spectrum selectivity, fast speed, and great stability) have been proposed as promising optoelectronics in recent years. To realize high‐performance UV PDs, heterojunctions are created to form a built‐in electrical field for suppressing recombination of photogenerated carriers and promoting collection efficiency. In this progress report, the fundamental components of heterojunctions including UV response semiconductors and other materials functionalized with unique effects are discussed. Then, strategies of building PDs with lattice‐matched heterojunctions, van der Waals heterostructures, and other heterojunctions are summarized. Finally, several applications based on heterojunction/heterostructure UV PDs are discussed, compromising flexible photodetectors, logic gates, and image sensors. This work draws an …