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Additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic components promises many advantages over conventional powder or melting metallurgical manufacturing processes through high design flexibility across multiple length scales and precision coupled with an astonishing combination of mechanical properties. Characterizing the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties remains one of the major challenges for this novel technology. A critical aspect of addressing these challenges is identifying the influence of the processing path on the developing microstructure. We combine experimental studies of single track laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) scans of AISI 316L stainless steel, finite element analyses, and large-scale three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics simulations to provide a unique understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the formation of heterogeneous defect structures in …