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A new breed of wireless technologies has emerged under the generic name of low-power, wide-area (LPWA), with a number of common characteristics that make these technologies uniquely suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These common characteristics include a power-optimized radio network, a simplified network topology, frame sizes in the order of tens of bytes transmitted a few times per day at ultralow speeds, and a mostly upstream transmission pattern that allows the devices to spend most of their time in low-energy deep-sleep mode. These characteristics enable a range of several kilometers and long battery lifetimes, possibly ten years of operation on a single coin-cell. It also enables simple and scalable deploymen