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By using device-to-device communication, opportunistic networks promise to fill the gap left by infrastructure-based networks in remote areas, to support communication in disaster and emergency situations, as well as to enable new local social networking applications. Yet, to become feasible in practice and accepted by the users, it is crucial that opportunistic communication is energy-efficient. In this paper, we measure and analyze the energy consumption of today's device-to-device communication technologies: Wi-Fi Direct, Bluetooth and WLAN-Opp (a solution based on the WLAN access point mode). We compare the energy consumption of individual operations such as neighbor discovery and connection establishment/maintenance across the different standards. We find that all of these technologies suffer from two problems. First, neighbor discovery is expensive and can quickly drain the battery if …