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The ever-increasing traffic demand has motivated mobile operators to explore how they can boost their network capacity with a minimal increase in their capital and operating expenditures. In order to tackle this problem, we investigate the energy-efficient design of heterogeneous cellular network (or simply HetNet), especially with a focus on deployment and operation strategies. We first formulate a general problem pertaining to minimizing the total energy consumption cost while satisfying the requirement of area spectral efficiency (ASE). We decompose this problem into a deployment problem at peak time and an operation problem at off-peak time. Under practical assumptions made from an observation on various topologies including an acquired real base-station deployment dataset, we demonstrate the submodularity of ASE function with respect to micro base-station deployment. Subsequently, we propose a …