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Maximal oxygen uptake is a physiological characteristic bounded by the parametric limits of the Fick equation: (left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic volume − LV end‐systolic volume) × heart rate × arterio‐venous oxygen difference. ‘Classical’ views of emphasize its critical dependence on convective oxygen transport to working skeletal muscle, and recent data are dispositive, proving convincingly that such limits must and do exist. ‘Contemporary’ investigations into the mechanisms underlying peripheral muscle fatigue due to energetic supply/demand mismatch are clarifying the local mediators of fatigue at the skeletal muscle level, though the afferent signalling pathways that communicate these environmental conditions to the brain and the sites of central integration of cardiovascular and neuromotor control are still being worked out. Elite endurance athletes have a high due primarily to a high cardiac output from a …