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3D finite element (FE) analysis was conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviour of a typical 3D spacer fabric structure under compression in terms of its structural feature and mechanical properties of its components. A spacer fabric consists of two separate outer layers joined together with spacer monofilaments. Six FE models with different constraints on the spacer monofilaments and outer layer thicknesses were created using the precise geometry of a unit cell from Micro-X-ray computed tomography (μCT) scanning by fully considering the yarn interactions among all the fabric components and material׳s nonlinearity. A FE model which could give a satisfactory prediction of the compression load–displacement relationship of the fabric was employed to identify the compression mechanism. It was confirmed from the simulation that the nonlinear compression behaviour of the 3D spacer fabric structure resulted …