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Image-based methods for estimating the particle size distribution (granulometry) usually analyze two-dimensional (2-D) samples of particles disposed on a conveyor belt. Such approaches have to deal with occlusions and cannot evaluate the thickness of each particle. Three-dimensional (3-D) vision systems can reduce the acquisition constraints and speed up the quality control process. This paper proposes a novel 3-D vision system for analyzing the granulometry of falling particles. The system is designed to work in real time and to compute a partial 3-D reconstruction of the particle from a single pair of two-view images, which is then enhanced by using a neural-based technique. The validation of the proposed approach has been performed by considering three application scenarios for which the system achieved satisfactory accuracy and robustness.