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The increasing demand for flexibility and scalability in dynamically obtaining and releasing computing resources in a cost-effective and device-independent manner, and ease in hosting applications without the burden of installation and maintenance, have resulted in the wide adoption of the cloud computing paradigm. Although the benefits are immense, this computing paradigm is vulnerable to a large number of system failures; as a consequence, there is increasing concern among users regarding the reliability and availability of cloud computing services. Fault tolerance and resilience serve as effective means to address users' concerns regarding reliability and availability. In this chapter, we focus on characterizing the recurrent failures in a typical cloud computing environment, analyzing the effects of failures on user applications, and surveying fault tolerance solutions corresponding to each class of failures. We …