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In the recent years, deep learning-based intelligent fault diagnosis methods of rolling bearings have been widely and successfully developed. However, the data-driven method generally remains a “black box” to researchers and there is a gap between the emerging neural network-based methods and the well-established traditional fault diagnosis knowledge. This paper proposes a novel deep learning-based fault diagnosis method for rolling element bearings. Attention mechanism is introduced to assist the deep network to locate the informative data segments, extract the discriminative features of inputs, and visualize the learned diagnosis knowledge. Experiments on a popular rolling bearing dataset intuitively show the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is able to provide reliable diagnosis even with very few training data. The experimental results suggest this research offers a promising tool for …