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A method, apparatus, and system for measuring optical phase and amplitude properties of an output optical field to characterize diffractive, refractive, and other optical elements to estimate, measure, and characterize an optical transfer function are disclosed herein. In a representative embodiment, a light source may generate an optical field incident to an optical element, such as a diffraction grating. An aperture plate may be positioned relative to the optical element to allow translation of at least one of the aperture plate or the optical element in a plane transverse to a surface normal of the optical element, resulting in an output optical field having spatially dependant amplitude and phase characteristics related to a position on the optical element and to the optical field incident to the optical element. The output optical field may then be detected and analyzed to characterize the optical transfer function of the optical …