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Construction of residential buildings using off-site methods, in particular modular construction, is receiving considerable attention. However, the sustainability performance of modular buildings has rarely been investigated through a life cycle perspective. In this paper, a life cycle sustainability performance assessment framework is developed for modular buildings and its application is examined. In the first part of the paper, suitable life cycle sustainability performance criteria (SPCs) for modular buildings were developed and ranked. In this regard, potential SPCs were identified through a comprehensive literature review and expert interviews. These SPCs were then evaluated by construction experts through two questionnaire surveys against three evaluation criteria: applicability, data availability, and data accuracy. The evaluation criteria's weights were determined through a group decision making process using …