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Recently, many water treatment technologies, such as biological treatment, coagulation/precipitation techniques, Fenton oxidation treatments, and advanced oxidation techniques, have been assessed to address the worsening clean water shortage. This review summarizes these technologies and provides the background and principle of photocatalysis for advanced oxidation technology. In particular, this paper focuses on semiconductor TiO₂ photocatalysts as well as the latest modifications of TiO₂ photocatalyst, such as the introduction of metals or heteroatoms onto TiO₂, physical modification of TiO₂ for a variety of morphologies, and hybrid TiO₂/nanocarbon composites, to improve the photocataytic activities for an advanced oxidation process. This review provides useful information to scientists and engineers in this field.