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The scarcity of freshwater has become one of the most critical global problems, and seawater desalination is considered an effective approach to tackling this problem. Caspian seawater with low total dissolved solids (TDS) (< 16,000 mg/L) is a potential source for desalination, but it contains high levels of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate alkalinity, also more than the permissible amount of iron at the connection points to the rivers. In this study, a two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) pilot was designed for Caspian seawater desalination with the aim of enhancing the recovery rate and reducing specific energy consumption (SEC) as much as controlling the carbonate scaling and Fe fouling. The effects of main input parameters, including operational pressure, initial TDS, and pH, besides their interaction with each other on output variables, namely system desalination removal (SDR), permeate flux, recovery rate, Fe …