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This chapter provides an overview of the microprocessor, evolution of microprocessor, features of 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and recent microprocessors, microcomputer system, bus organization, memory and its classification. This chapter also provide information about evolution of computer language starting from machine language to high-level languages with their merits and demerits. An introduction to signed and unsigned number systems, representation of fractions, floating point number are given in this chapter.