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High pressure processing is a technology that offers many different applications besides the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. The key to being able to use the full potential of high-pressure processing is the fundamental knowledge of the influence of the technology on certain mechanisms and food or packaging constituents. The different fields where high pressure processing could be a valuable tool are manifold (including structure generation and modification; de novo biosynthesis; allergen reduction; inactivation of nematodes, parasites, microorganisms; specific chemical reactions and interactions). This article will present, evaluate and discuss current and potential applications of high-pressure processing as well as the challenges involved.