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In the present study, we describe a new simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), designated SIVgsn, naturally infecting greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) in Cameroon. Together with SIVsyk, SIVgsn represents the second virus isolated from a monkey belonging to the Cercopithecus mitis group of the Cercopithecus genus. Full-length genome sequence analysis of two SIVgsn strains, SIVgsn-99CM71 and SIVgsn-99CM166, revealed that despite the close phylogenetic relationship of their hosts, SIVgsn was highly divergent from SIVsyk. First of all, they differ in their genomic organization. SIVgsn codes for a vpu homologue, so far a unique feature of the members of the SIVcpz/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) lineage, and detailed phylogenetic analyses of various regions of the viral genome indicated that SIVgsn might be a mosaic of sequences with different evolutionary histories …