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Neuro-robotics systems (NRSs) is the current state-of-the-art research with the strategic alliance of neuroscience and robotics. It endows the next generation of robots with embodied intelligence to identify themselves and interact with humans and environments naturally. Therefore, it needs to study the interaction of recent breakthroughs in brain neuroscience, robotics, and artificial intelligence where smarter robots could be developed by employing neural mechanisms and understanding brain functions. Recently, more sophisticated neural mechanisms of perception, cognition, learning, and control have been decoded, which investigate how to define and develop the “brain” for future robots. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is summarized by recent achievements in neuro-robotics, and some potential directions for the development of future neuro-robotics are discussed.