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To demonstrate enabling multi-institutional training without centralizing or sharing the underlying physical data via federated learning (FL).

Deep learning models were trained at each participating institution using local clinical data, and an additional model was trained using FL across all of the institutions.

We found that the FL model exhibited superior performance and generalizability to the models trained at single institutions, with an overall performance level that was significantly better than that of any of the institutional models alone when evaluated on held-out test sets from each institution and an outside challenge dataset.

The power of FL was successfully demonstrated across 3 academic institutions while avoiding the privacy risk associated with the transfer and pooling of …