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Recent studies have begun to shed more light on the crashes experienced on rural roads by examining the influence of a road’s pavement surface condition. In a bid to contribute to this growing body of knowledge and to facilitate comprehensive evaluation of pavement maintenance projects, this paper explores the safety effects of the pavement condition of rural roads. The paper tests the hypotheses that pavement roughness generally has a non-trivial residual impact on safety outcomes and that the magnitude and direction of these impacts differ across road segments. To explore these hypotheses, the paper presents crash frequency models for three levels of crash severity and also across five levels of road surface condition. The developed models use the multivariate random parameters negative binomial specification to account for the unobserved heterogeneity and correlation among the different levels of …