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For cell division, negatively charged chromatin, in which nucleosome fibers (10 nm fibers) are irregularly folded [1–5], must be condensed into chromosomes and segregated. While condensin and other proteins are critical for organizing chromatin into the appropriate chromosome shape [6–17], free divalent cations such as Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, which condense chromatin or chromosomes in vitro [18–28], have long been considered important, especially for local condensation, because the nucleosome fiber has a net negative charge and is by itself stretched like "beads on a string" by electrostatic repulsion. For further folding, other positively charged factors are required to decrease the charge and repulsion [29]. However, technical limitations to measure intracellular free divalent cations, but not total cations [30], especially Mg²⁺, have prevented us from elucidating their function. Here, we developed a Förster resonance …