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Recently, the underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have been proposed for exploration of the aqueous resources and to obtain information about the aquatic environment. The noise in UWSNs challenges a successful transmission of packets from a source to the destination. There are many protocols in the literature that address noise reduction/avoidance during underwater communication. However, they require localization information of each node that itself is a challenging issue. This thesis presents a depth and noise aware routing (DNAR) protocol for UWSNs, which considers the minimum channel noise and the lowest depth of the sensor node in-order to send the packets reliably from a sender node to a surface sink. In the DNAR protocol, more energy is assigned to the sensor nodes that have depth level≤ 150m. Therefore, the nodes which are deployed nearby to a surface sink have more capability of transmission and will not die quickly. Also, the proposed protocol selects the forwarder candidate that have the lowest depth and minimum channel noise at the receiver. The proposed scheme requires no geographical information of the nodes for data routing. The DNAR protocol is validated by Matlab and compared with DBR scheme. The simulation demonstrates that the DNAR has better results in-terms of total energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and the network lifetime.

Additionally, in this thesis, a cooperative depth and noise aware routing for UWSNs is proposed. As compared to the existing cooperative routing protocols, the CoDNAR protocol selects the destination node based on both the lowest depth and …