查看文章

Rapid urbanization, human demands with dynamic hydrology, and land resources impact the carbon cycle and ecosystem resilience at the city level. The expansion of urban areas is continuously replacing the vegetative cover (VC), which accelerates carbon emissions (CE), raises land surface temperature (LST), and contributes to global warming. This study aimed to assess the CE dynamics in Penang City, Malaysia, resulting from land use and land cover (LULC) changes during 1996–2021 and to identify the impacts of CE dynamics on LST change and urban heat island (UHI) effects. In this regard, remote sensing and geospatial methods were applied to monitor the LULC changes and used the biomass carbon stock assessment techniques to quantify carbon storage. The findings of the study illustrate a 17% decrease in forest cover and an excessive increase in urban areas (22%), average LST (8 °C) and UHI …