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In a number of technologically advanced industries, a new logic of organizing is developing. Rather than viewing firms as vehicles for processing infor-mation, making decisions, and solving problems, the core capabilities of organizations are based increasingly on knowledge-seeking and knowledgecreation. In technologically intensive fields, where there are large gains from innovation and steep losses from obsolescence, competition is best regarded as a learning race. The ability to learn about new opportunities requires participation in them, thus a wide range of interorganizational linkages is critical to knowledge diffusion, learning, and technology development. These connections may be formal contractual relationships, as in a research and development partnerships or a joint venture, or informal, involving participation in technical communities. Both mechanisms are highly salient for the transfer of knowledge …