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Artificial intelligence (AI) research and market have grown rapidly in the last few years, and this trend is expected to continue with many potential advancements and innovations in this field. One of the emerging AI research directions is Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI). It has been motivated by technological advances in communication, networking, and hardware, together with the nature of data being generated from connected, distributed, and diverse objects. DAI is expected to create a fertile environment for innovative, advanced, robust, and scalable approaches for AI supporting the vision of smart societies. In this paper, we explore state of the art on DAI and identify the opportunities and challenges of provisioning distributed AI as a service (DAIaaS). We provide a taxonomy and a comprehensive review covering the literature from 2016 to 2022. It comprises various aspects of DAI, including AI workflow …