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As advocates for OER describe its transformative potential, it is critical that these claims are scrutinized using empirical methods. In this chapter, the authors—all of whom are affiliated with the OER Research Hub at the Open University—provide an overview of their team’s research on three types of OER users: informal learners, formal learners, and educators. In doing so they address a broad series of 11 hypotheses related to performance, openness, access, retention, reflection, finance, indicators, support, transition, policy, and assessment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of these findings and a call for research to play a central role as OER continues to go mainstream.