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Applications of imaging methods in medicine are not new. However, recent advances in analytical techniques and in the implementation and applicability of imaging findings at the population level have increased exponentially the applications of imaging into large-scale epidemiological studies. Implementing imaging data acquired at large-scale settings comprises several logistic and technical challenges which may be offset by the valuable insights they provide into pathophysiology, diagnosis, disease, and treatment monitoring and prognosis. In this chapter, we discuss the applications of imaging in different medical fields and how these have translated into clinical applications. We also discuss the implementation of imaging in population-based studies, the analytic techniques useful for processing and analyzing imaging data, and the potential limitations of its applicability and reproducibility in epidemiological …