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Conventional concrete structures often rely on labor-intensive and wasteful formwork systems. In contrast, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology offers a more efficient alternative for fabricating complex-shaped permanent formwork. This study fabricates innovative composite beams using 3D-printed ultra-high-performance strain-hardening cementitious composites (UHP-SHCC) as permanent formwork, followed by casting infill materials. The spatially tailored fiber dosage distribution in the 3D-printed UHP-SHCC permanent formwork enables the performance optimization of the composite beam. The flexural behavior of three such formed composite beams is evaluated using four-point bending tests. A reference beam with homogeneous fiber distribution in the UHP-SHCC formwork is also tested for comparison. The failure mode, overall load–displacement response, and cracking performance of four beams are …