查看文章

The biotechnology industry is a relatively new phenomenon: It is an industry that has emerged from basic university science, with revolutionary implications for" doing science" and for science-based industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and energy. One of the most salient characteristics of the industry to date has been the use of collaborative relationships to conduct exchanges between new biotechnology firms (NBFs), established pharmaceutical firms, universities, and other nonprofit research organizations. These collaborative relationships exist at both the interorganizational level (Barley, Freeman, and Hybels, 1992; Kogut, Shan, and Walker, 1992; Oliver, 1993; Powell and Brantley, 1992; Powell, Koput, and Smith-Doerr, 1996) and the individual level (Liebeskind, Oliver, Zucker, and Brewer, 1996; Zucker,