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Powered two-wheelers (PTWs – mopeds, motorcycles, and scooters) remain the most dangerous form of travel on today's roads. This study used hospital discharge data from eight European countries to examine the frequencies and patterns of injury among PTW users (age≥14 years), the predicted incidence of the loss of functional ability, and the mechanisms of the head injuries observed (all in light of increased helmet use). Of 977,557 injured patients discharged in 2004, 12,994 were identified as having been injured in PTW collisions. Lower extremity injuries accounted for 26% (25.6–26.7, 95% C.I.) of the total injuries, followed by upper extremity injuries (20.7%: 20.3–21.2), traumatic brain injuries (TBI) (18.5%: 18–19), and thoracic injuries (8.2%: 7.8–8.5). Approximately 80% of the lower extremity injury cases were expected to exhibit some functional disability one year following discharge (predicted Functional …