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Background: We aimed to determine whether vascular risk factors are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in an elderly Arab population. Methods: An Arabic-speaking team performed a door-to-door survey of consecutive residents aged ≧65 years. We estimated the odds of AD or MCI versus normal controls as a function of age, gender, education and presence of vascular factors by multinomial logistic regression with interactions. Results: Out of 767 subjects (54% men), 444 were cognitively normal, 234 had MCI and 89 had AD. AD was significantly associated with hypertension (p = 0.01; OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.18–3.65), age (p < 0.0001; OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.14–1.24), female gender (p = 0.0016; OR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.53–6.15) and education (p = 0.0002; OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65–0.88). MCI was significantly associated with hypertension (p = 0.0042; OR = 1.69 …