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This study explored the deformation behavior of rolled pure Mg and Mg-0.5Ca alloy at room temperature (RT) and cryogenic temperature (CT) of −150°C. The samples were compressed at a strain rate of 10^-3s^-1 up to 5% strain along the rolling direction (RD). The deformed samples were examined via EBSD and analyzed concerning the loading condition and initial microstructure. The compression tests showed the temperature-insensitive hardening behavior in Mg-0.5Ca alloy. The twinning activity increased with an increase in grain size, and this was pronounced when the pure Mg samples were compressed at CT. The kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis revealed that the twinning parent areas tend to have higher KAM values under CT deformation than the RT deformation, which links to a higher twinning activity at CT. The predominant low angle grain boundaries in the initial microstructure of pure Mg …