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This study evaluated concentrations of main air pollutants in a Portuguese preschool (indoors/outdoors) environment, with emphasis on elemental characterization of different PM fractions, and estimated risks for the pupils (aged 3–5 years). With exception to total volatile organic compounds, levels of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO, CO₂, and formaldehyde were below legislative guidelines. Calcium, sodium, aluminium, and potassium were the most abundant elements in indoor PM (82–84% of the analysed content) resulting mainly from crustal sources. Carcinogenic elements (1–2% of the indoor analysed content) were mostly PM_2.5-bound (83–91%). Indoor-to-outdoor ratios of individual elements indicated contributions of indoor origin and from penetration of outdoor emissions indoors; trace metals were associated with ambient anthropogenic emissions (namely traffic). Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from overall …