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Fracturing process and possible factors influencing crack initiation, propagation and coalescence of granitic rocks are investigated using a grain-based finite-discrete element method (GB-FDEM). In contrast to conventional methods, the GB-FDEM used herein consists of dual-scale contact models ensuring grain breakage, and pre-processing scheme for reproducing the realistic micro heterogeneity of rocks. A standardised calibration procedure is proposed after an analysis of uncertain parameters. An optimized model is built according to calibration results of benchmark experiments including uniaxial compression test, confined compression test and Brazilian disc test in laboratory. The compression testing under different end friction, slenderness, loading rate and confining stress are systematically performed to investigate the external influences on rock fracturing. Boundary constraint is revealed in association with …