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According to different estimates, each year up to 15 million patients worldwide cross national borders to seek medical treatment. For many, reproductive travel offers the only opportunity to receive health services, which are unaffordable, unavailable, or illegal in their home countries. These patients include gay couples or single women, who are not eligible forfertility treatment, or persons who have restricted access to abortion services. The rapid expansion of cross-border reproductive services poses serious challenges. While specific international norms governing cross-border healthcare remain scarce, many non-state actors, including medical associations, assume regulatory and law-making functions. Consequently, the multiple sets of overlapping rules concerning medical liability, parenthood, or citizenship are often impenetrable. Patients often find themselves in extremely vulnerable legal positions, without …