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Providing clean and affordable drinking water is one of the modern-times challenges. The world’s growing population causes water scarcity, and pollutants contaminate whatever water sources are left. Nanotechnology has provided innovative solutions for water purification. This chapter reviews nanotechnology-enabled water-treatment processes, showing how they transform our water supply and wastewater treatment. The following topics are discussed: different nanomaterials, properties, mechanisms, advantages compared to existing methods, limitations, research needs for commercialization, and toxicities of nanomaterials.