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Assessing the causes of stream impairments is challenging without a clear understanding of the spatiotemporal interactions among human infrastructure networks and hydrologic systems. Landscape change is often characterized using simplistic metrics that lump changes into generalized categories, such as impervious cover. We examined the evolution of human infrastructure in Panther Hollow, a small watershed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to characterize the impacts of long-term (~100 years) landscape change on stream flow. Results show that impervious cover in the catchment grew from 3 % in 1900 to 27 % in 2010. Growth was non-linear, with 60 % of the development occurring between 1904 and 1930. We then compared two models that predict changes in annual water yield, one model based on watershed impervious cover and one based on human infrastructure arrangement. The model based …