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Zhang Zhidong $; Z.~ fi! l (1837-1909) plays a pivotal role in recent scholarship on the" hundred days" of reform in 1898 as an open-minded official who set the stage by advocating a broader scope for reform in China. Particularly, he is credited with implementing a series of substantial changes in the economy, transportation, and education in Hubei and Hunan as governorgeneral from 1890 to 1907. 1 However, he is also considered a member of the

I thank Mary Mazur, Peter Zarrow, Henry YS Chan, Lee Chiu-chun, and the two anonymous reviewers of this volume for the Harvard University Asia Center for their critical comments on earlier versions of this essay. Their constructive criticisms have deepened my understanding of the complexity of late Qing reform. Of course, I bear full responsibility for all the mistakes in this essay.