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The grain size dependence of the tensile properties and the deformation mechanisms responsible for those properties are examined for Mg alloy, AZ31B, sheet. Specifically, the Hall–Petch effect and strain anisotropy (r-value) are characterized experimentally, and interpreted using polycrystal plasticity modeling. {10.2} extension twins, {10.1} contraction twins, and so-called “double-twins” are observed via microscopy and diffraction-based techniques, and the amount of twinning is found to increase with increasing grain size. For the sheet texture and tensile loading condition examined, {10.2} extension twinning is not expected, yet the polycrystal plasticity model predicts the observed behavior, including this ‘anomalous’ tensile twinning. The analysis shows that the Hall–Petch strength dependence, of the polycrystal as a whole, is primarily determined by the grain size dependence of the strength of the prismatic slip …