作者
Da‐Wei Wang, Feng Li, Min Liu, Gao Qing Lu, Hui‐Ming Cheng
发表日期
2008/1
期刊
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
卷号
47
期号
2
页码范围
373-376
出版商
WILEY‐VCH Verlag
简介
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are essential components of high-rate electric devices used in the development of hybrid vehicles. Such capacitors are based on electrochemical charge accommodation at the electric double layer and the occurrence of Faradaic reactions.[1] Porous carbon materials, transition-metal oxides, and conducting polymers are fundamental candidates used as EC electrode materials.[1] Among the available metal oxides, RuO2 shows the best performance, but it is very expensive.[2] Alternative cheaper oxides, such as NiO, cannot be used at voltage windows above 0.6 V; furthermore, most of them are poorly conductive.[3–4] Conducting polymers also show some drawbacks—their short cycle life being one of them.[5] As a consequence, porous carbon materials turn out to be the most promising candidates, because of their stable physicochemical properties, good conductivity, low cost, and availability.[6–8] However, porous-carbon-based ECs are known to suffer from electrode kinetic problems that are related to inner-pore ion transport.[1, 9–12] The exact mechanism of ion transport within porous textures is very complex, because the tortuosity, connectivity, size distribution, and shape of the pores, as well as the nature of the electrolyte and the solid–liquid interface, all have to be considered.[1, 13–15] Among these factors, the inner-pore ion-transport resistance and the diffusion distance are the most important ones. Large values of these two parameters lead to a significant electrode-potential drop (IR drop) and a low ion-accessible surface area (Saccess) at large current values, thus severely reducing the performance …
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