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Carolyn McLeod argues that health professionals who conscientiously object to the provision of reproductive health care services have a duty to ensure that their patients and prospective patients can access standard care. The relevant health professionals are those with the discretionary authority to decide what services are relevant, or whether, when and how services ought to be provided, including midwives, nurses, pharmacists, and physicians. McLeod primarily discusses emergency contraception and abortion, but the arguments apply to other reproductive health care services. McLeod focuses on conscientious refusals:“refusals made by health care professionals, on grounds of conscience, to patients’ requests for services that make up the standard of care the professionals are meant to provide to patients”(6). There are three policy approaches to such moral conflicts: prioritizing the interests of conscientious …