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THE airport surface is a very complex operating environment as the entities in the system, namely the aircraft, must pass through many different subcomponents between the time they land and takeoff. The sequence of airport components that a typical aircraft operation passes through begins with the arrival runway. After landing, an aircraft exits the runway and enters the taxiway on its way to the ramp area and ultimately the gate. While at the gate, the aircraft is refueled, new passengers board and the sequence of operations is reversed. During peak hour of operations, the resources in each of these subcomponents are less than the demand and a significant amount of coordination needs to take place to ensure safe and efficient operations. In addition, there is a constant interaction between the components; eg, delay in the ramp or taxiway area impacts the departure process on the runway, or a gate shortage can …