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The performance of rotating detonation engines is strongly affected by the multiple detonation waves that occur, although the reason for their formation has not yet been fully explained. In this paper, two-dimensional unfolded rotating detonation waves are simulated to investigate the effects of the equivalence ratios on the number of detonation waves. The compressible reactive Navier–Stokes equations with a detailed CH₄/O₂ chemistry model are solved using third-order hybrid weighted essentially non-oscillatory/centered-difference numerical methods on a structured adaptive mesh. Compared with the typical two-dimensional rotating detonation wave structures in the homogeneous environment, the flow field is more unstable in the more realistic inhomogeneous environment. As the detonation propagates, coupling, decoupling, and further coupling occur due to the discontinuity of the detonation wave. The fuel …