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Inferences from analogue models support lithospheric folding as the primary response to large‐scale shortening manifested in the present day topography of Iberia. This process was active from the late Oligocene‐early Miocene during the Alpine orogeny and was probably enhanced by reactivation of inherited Variscan faults. The modeling results confirm the dependence of fold wavelength on convergence rate and hence the strength of the layers of the lithosphere such that fold wavelength is longest for fast convergence rates favoring whole lithosphere folding. Folding is associated with the formation of dominantly pop‐up type mountain ranges in the brittle crust and thickening of the ductile layers in the synforms of the buckle folds by flow. The mountain ranges are represented by upper crustal pop‐ups forming the main topographic relief. The wavelengths of the topographic uplifts, both, in model and nature …