作者
Joanna Kozioł, Magdalena Gikiewicz, Gromek Gromek, Łukasz Szklarski
发表日期
2021/3
期刊
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP/Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
简介
Mass gatherings constitute an integral element of public life. Regardless of the current pandemic situation, they have been more frequent than before [25]. Sporting, religious, political, and cultural events allow expressing the interests of people, societal approval or disapproval and constitute common ways of spending time. However, they are linked to numerous hazards, which could affect human life and health, as well as property and environment [2, 20]. Fires, infectious diseases, stampedes, crushes, poisonings, panic, terrorist attacks and other hazards could cause multiple kinds of injuries and even death of participants and outsiders [1, 13, 21]. Therefore, crowd safety issues gain importance in the context of organisation of mass gatherings and evacuation seems to be the very basic one [3, 11, 31]. Assurance of safe evacuation from a mass gathering is a fundamental task for the organizer, information and order services, public services and public administration. Basing on the literature review, security is closely related to factors that could be (directly or indirectly) dependent or independent from them. They comprise evacuee profile (sub-groups, age, gender, movement abilities etc.), crowd density, infrastructure, detection of hazard, direct influence of people (eg fire, smoke, chemical agent, biological agent), technical failures, effectiveness of warning, recognition and response effectiveness, awareness of evacuation routes, creation of pedestrian flows, traffic situation, adverse human behaviour (intoxication, violence, panic etc.), media transmissions, proper evacuation plans, behaviour and operations of security entities [22, 23, 24]. To ensure …
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J Kozioł, M Gikiewicz, G Gromek, Ł Szklarski - Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP/Szkoła Główna Służby …, 2021