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Demand-side behavioural change interventions promote a reduction in car use, and shift to low carbon transport modes, thereby addressing economic, health and GHG emissions-related costs associated with car-dependent lifestyles. However, the relative effectiveness of such interventions in initiating transport behaviour change has not been evaluated systematically. Here, we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence on behavioural interventions in changing transport-related behavioural patterns. Relying on 37 literature reviews and 41 additional new studies, we identify more than 450 cases of behavioural interventions. Our analysis reveals that behavioural measures are effective in increasing the percentage growth of public transit and active transport mode use as well as decreasing car use at the personal level. However, their effectiveness in shifting commuters away from cars to more sustainable modes of transport at the aggregate level is limited. Our findings suggest that behavioural interventions have a role to play in reducing the health, economic and environmental costs of car-centric transportation systems. We find that, under the best-case scenario, behavioural interventions can contribute up to a 5% per cent reduction of global GHG emissions from urban transport, or about 150Mt CO 2/yr, a notable but limited potential compared to the reductions necessary to meet sectoral goals. Critical analysis of studies in our review indicates that interdisciplinary researchers interested in these issues should take a more strategic and rigorous approach—better study designs, more representative samples, and …